控制器的工作原理

在獨立運行(xing)的(de)太陽能(neng)(neng)光(guang)伏發電(dian)系統和光(guang)伏／風力混(hun)合(he)發電(dian)系統中，必(bi)須(xu)配備貯(zhu)能(neng)(neng)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)起著儲(chu)存和調節電(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)作用。當日(ri)照(zhao)充足或(huo)風力很人而產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)過剩時(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)將(jiang)多余的(de)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)貯(zhu)存起來：當系統發電(dian)量不(bu)足或(huo)負(fu)(fu)載用電(dian)量大時(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)向負(fu)(fu)載補充電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，并保持(chi)供電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)穩定。

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，尤其是鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，需要在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中加(jia)以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制，頻繁地過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)(he)過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都會影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命。過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池大量出氣(qi)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui))，造成水(shui)分散失(shi)和(he)(he)(he)活性物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落；過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則容易(yi)加(jia)速柵板的(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)可逆硫(liu)酸化。為(wei)了保護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)受過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)(he)過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損害，則必須要有一套控(kong)(kong)制系統來防止(zhi)(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)(he)過放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這套系統稱(cheng)為(wei)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)。控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)通(tong)過檢測(ce)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，判斷蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是否已經達到過充(chong)點或過放(fang)(fang)點，并(bing)根(gen)據檢測(ce)結果發出繼續(xu)充(chong)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或終止(zhi)(zhi)充(chong)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)指令。

隨著獨立(li)型太陽能光伏發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)、風力發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)和光伏／風力混合(he)發電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)容量的(de)不(bu)斷增加，設計者(zhe)(zhe)和用戶對(dui)系(xi)統(tong)運行(xing)狀態及運行(xing)方式合(he)理性的(de)要求(qiu)越來(lai)越高(gao)，系(xi)統(tong)的(de)安全性也更加突(tu)出(chu)和重要。因此，近年來(lai)設計者(zhe)(zhe)又賦予控(kong)制器更多的(de)保護和監測功(gong)能，使早期的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)控(kong)制器發展成今天比(bi)較(jiao)復雜的(de)系(xi)統(tong)控(kong)制器。

此外，控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)在控制(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)理(li)和使(shi)用(yong)的(de)元器(qi)件(jian)(jian)方面也有了(le)很(hen)大發(fa)(fa)展和提高，目前先進的(de)系統控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)已使(shi)用(yong)了(le)微處理(li)器(qi)，實(shi)現了(le)軟件(jian)(jian)編(bian)程和智能控制(zhi)(zhi)。目前在太(tai)陽能光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)系統和風光(guang)(guang)混合發(fa)(fa)電(dian)系統中，使(shi)用(yong)多的(de)仍然(ran)是鉛酸蓄電(dian)池，因此這里僅以鉛酸蓄電(dian)池為例介紹控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)控制(zhi)(zhi)基本原(yuan)理(li)和過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)保護原(yuan)理(li)。